Characteristics, problems and progress of logistics standardization
First, the characteristics and existing problems of China's logistics standardization
Due to the particularity of economic system and economic development in China, logistics standardization is regarded as a bottleneck that hinders the development of logistics. It has received extensive attention from all walks of life; the establishment of a unified logistics standardization committee has also formed a consensus. This is determined by the characteristics of China's logistics standardization. These characteristics and the problems that are presented are mainly:
(1) Logistics standardization shows a serious lag in general: it lags behind the development of the economy and logistics industry and lags behind the development of standardization. China's national economy has experienced rapid development for more than 20 years, and has accumulated a solid material foundation. The standardization construction of major industries has also formed its own set of systems. The formation of these systems does not take into account the needs of modern logistics development. . Therefore, to solve the problem of logistics standardization now, it is inconsistent and even contradictory with the previous economic development and standardization system, especially the standardization system of production, transportation, science and technology. There are many differences in the existing technical standards, which restricts the coordinated operation of logistics, and is prominently manifested in general equipment and technology such as pallets, packaging, and information technology. Railway, highway, maritime, civil aviation, and industrial sector logistics systems all have their own or choose different logistics standards, in various forms and in different versions. For example, in terms of information technology, according to a logistics distribution company in Shandong, because there is no uniform standard for the barcode of goods, the company has to replace the uniform bar code mark for each item entering and leaving the warehouse. In addition to the economic direct loss, it also causes manpower, time, efficiency, etc. The loss that cannot be estimated.
(2) Many aspects of logistics standardization need to start from basic work, which is determined by the development characteristics of China's logistics industry. Generally speaking, China's logistics industry started late, and its foundation is relatively weak. There are obvious congenital shortcomings in logistics infrastructure, management system, management level, personnel quality, market development degree and so on. At the same time, the logistics industry in Western countries has been highly developed, and the goal of our choice is very high. Faced with this major difference, on the one hand, many industries and places in China have shown great enthusiasm, and the logistics industry has developed rapidly; on the other hand, many concepts and even basic concepts of logistics are often in a state of ignorance, such as the distribution center. Logistics parks, logistics companies, and even the connotation and extension of "logistics" lack clear understanding. More and more new and old companies are called "logistics companies”, but according to the company, there is no clear basis for business registration. Therefore, in addition to strengthening theoretical research and popularization, it is very necessary to combine the successful experience of developed countries with the reality of China's logistics development, propose norms that meet the actual needs of China, and start from the most basic and basic places in a standard form. Guide and promote the development of China's logistics industry.
(3) The operation of logistics standardization is still carried out in the framework of the traditional system. Based on the traditional departmental division and geographical division, there is a lack of coordination and coordination mechanism. After more than 20 years of reform and opening up, China has initially achieved market-oriented economic operations, but the standardization work, that is, the management of standards, and the formulation, formulation, and release are still based on traditional departments and regions. In the highly systematic, coordinated and standardized work required by logistics, there is a serious contradiction between departments and local divisions. Regarding the administrative management of logistics and standardization, in addition to the national unified standardization management organization, there are departments representing the industry such as transportation, railway, civil aviation, and information industry, and the comprehensive economic management departments such as the Ministry of Commerce and the National Development and Reform Commission. Many professional technical organizations and scientific research institutions involved in logistics standardization are scattered in various departments and industries. In the standardization operation, there is no coordination mechanism between the administrative departments, and there are often many political and legal organizations and scientific research institutions in accordance with the traditional Departments and industry division of labor, promote logistics standardization in their respective fields, there is no exchange and coordination between them, and there is no unified planning. The defects of departmental division and segmentation are often manifested in standardization work.
(4) The market base of logistics standardization is relatively weak, which directly affects the implementation of logistics standardization. Under the conditions of market economy, standardization should be based on marketization, and logistics standardization should also be based on the development and maturity of the logistics market. After years of reform and opening up, it can be said that Chinese enterprises have fully realized market-oriented operations. However, from the perspective of business methods, the structure and concept of the enterprise and the whole and the whole have great influence. From the perspective of production development level, enterprises The material cost of production and the labor cost (the so-called first and second sources of profit) still have great potential. As the third source of profit, logistics has not become a major channel and a priority for enterprises to survive and develop. These two reasons have caused the actual shortage of the logistics market, and formed a huge contrast with the potential demand of China's logistics market and the rapid expansion of the logistics industry, directly affecting the progress and specific implementation of logistics standardization. Taking the logistics logo as an example, after the national standard "Storage and Transportation Unit Bar Code" was promulgated, the actual application accuracy rate was less than 15%, and the intended purpose of standardizing the logistics barcode was not realized.
(5) Logistics standardization relies heavily on administrative power and does not give full play to the role of industry associations and standard technology organizations. Due to the standardization operation, China has not completely shaken off the framework of sectoral division. The marketization foundation is relatively weak. At present, the degree of dependence on the state administrative power is relatively high. Industry associations and standard technology organizations have not played their due role. Therefore, many logistics standardizations are specific. The problem has been raised. The administrative departments are in charge of each section, and various industry associations and standard technical organizations lack coordination mechanisms; they cannot play a greater role and the problems are difficult to resolve. Therefore, breaking the boundaries of departments and industries, establishing a unified logistics standardization technical organization composed of relevant industry associations, professional standardization committees, research institutions, enterprises, etc., establishing a logistics standardization exchange and coordination mechanism is the promotion of logistics standardization in China. The actual needs and efforts are the characteristics of China and require the support of relevant government departments.
Second, the preliminary progress of China's logistics standardization
At the same time of the logistics standardization, with the rapid development of the logistics industry in China, in recent years, various departments and industries have carried out the work of logistics standardization from different angles and degrees, mainly in the following aspects:
The first is to provide basic standards for the development of the logistics industry. The National Standard for Logistics Terminology, led by the China Federation of Logistics and Purchasing, was announced in April 2001 and implemented in August. The purpose is to further standardize and guide the academic research and specific practice of China's logistics industry. Despite the current views on the role of this standard and certain views, further discussion and improvement are needed, but as previously analyzed, such basic standards are necessary to promote the development of China's logistics industry. At the same time, the industry standard "Logistics Enterprise Types and Functions” of logistics business units was also reported by the China Federation of Logistics and Purchasing in 2002. The former State Economic and Trade Commission was established and is currently in the process of being formulated. The practical significance of this standard will be more prominent.
The second is to promote the standardization of general logistics technology and management. The national standards for logistics information technology, "storage and transportation unit barcode" and "commodity barcode" were announced in 1997 and 1998. In 2000, the national standard "code and symbol of logistics unit" was published, and the commodity variables in the store were applied. The national standard of consumption, "In-store barcode", in 2001, published "128 yards" for automatic data collection in various fields. Although the actual application rate of these standards is not necessarily high, it has undoubtedly provided a good foundation for the development of the logistics industry. The "quick joints for bulk cement conveyor unloading pipes" for general logistics equipment and the "Code and Safety of Freight Cars" for logistics management have been included in the 2002 National Standards Project of the State Economic and Trade Commission, among which, "Cargo Cars" Body Specification and Safety has completed the development process and is awaiting release.
The actual operation of the logistics market has also promoted the progress of standardization of general technology. Taking containers as an example, in the past, the railway sector had container industry standards, using 5 tons of boxes and 10 tons of boxes, which were inconsistent with the 20-foot, 40-foot international standard containers used by the maritime industry. Therefore, relevant information and reports suggest that China’s sea-rail containers Inconsistent standards. However, according to the introduction of railway-related enterprises, the current international standard container is used in sea-rail combined transport, but the old-fashioned 5 tons and 10 tons of boxes are used in domestic inland transportation, and the number is decreasing. According to this, it can be said that the actual operation of the market has promoted the implementation of container standardization.
The third is to explore the application of standardized high technology in logistics. In 2002, the national standard "Code for Electronic Trading of Commodities" and "Code for Application of Digital Warehouse" were published. It has a positive effect on improving the scientific and technological content and development level of logistics, promoting the modernization of China's commodity wholesale market and standardizing the electronic trading market. As e-commerce is an emerging new business, how to regulate it, there is no clear regulation at present. These two standards are bold explorations. The national standard "Code for Electronic Trading of Commodities" is derived from the application of the electronic trading mechanism for the wholesale market of commodities. After the official announcement, it has been further revised according to the opinions of relevant departments and will be re-published.
The fourth is to strengthen trade and service standards and further standardize logistics market behavior. Trade and service standards have always been a weak link in standardization and are more prominent in the logistics industry. In the 2002 industry standard project plan initiated by the former State Economic and Trade Commission, there is a "Return of Inventory and Commodity Return and Storage and Storage of Auxiliary Crystals” to further improve the service level of the warehousing industry, and further regulate the "Timber Circulation Rating Mark” of the timber market. Wood floor decoration is a hot issue with many complaints and disputes in house decoration. For many years, there are no specific standards to follow. In 2002, the State Economic and Trade Commission announced two industry standards for the repair and construction of wooden floors, "Code for the acceptance of wood floor coverings" and "Code for the inspection of surface layers during the warranty period for wood floors", which solved this problem. The industry caused vibration and the response was warm.
Fifth, research on logistics standardization began. Since 2001, under the auspices of the Ministry of Science and Technology, the research projects on logistics standardization have been carried out. Among them, there are "E-commerce and modern logistics standards system and key standards research”, which is led by China Standardization Association; there is "standard system of logistics distribution system”. And the study of key standards, led by the China Articles Code Center. These two topics were studied separately, and the "logistics standard system table" was put forward, striving to grasp the logistics standardization as a whole. The transportation department researched and published the "Transport Industry Standard System Table" and determined the relevant standard systems related to logistics, such as land and water transportation, container transportation, group transportation, transportation packaging and transportation market management. The study of these standard topics is a positive exploration and useful start for logistics standardization.
The sixth is to establish and establish a national unified logistics standardization technical organization. In accordance with China's standardization system, the National Professional Standardization Technical Committee is a technical work organization engaged in national standardization work, and is responsible for the standardization technology centralized work in the technical field of this professional, which is approved by the National Standardization Management Committee. With the rapid development of China's logistics industry, the establishment of a comprehensive national logistics standardization technical committee to promote the coordinated development of logistics standardization has also been highly valued by the National Standardization Management Committee, and a lot of related coordination work has been done. Since the second half of 2001, the China Federation of Logistics and Purchasing has been actively preparing for the establishment of the National Logistics Standardization Committee under the support and guidance of the National Standardization Administration Committee and the State Economic and Trade Commission. In March 2003, the China Federation of Logistics and Purchasing again submitted a report to the National Standardization Administration Committee for the preparation of the "National Logistics Standardization Technical Committee”, which was supported and has entered the approval process. According to the preliminary plan, in order to cooperate with the professional standardization technical committees of relevant logistics, the National Logistics Standardization Technical Committee will mainly carry out standardization work on logistics basics, comprehensiveness, operation procedures and service specifications, and study and formulate the overall plan for logistics standardization. Organize the formulation and implementation of the national logistics standardization system, propose the annual plan for the revision and revision of national standards and industry standards in the field of logistics, strengthen the formulation of logistics management and service trade standards, organize and promote the exchange and cooperation of relevant professional standards committees in the field of logistics. Carry out necessary consultation and coordination on relevant cross-cutting issues to promote the healthy development of China's logistics standardization work.
